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Dmitry Lubarsky

Automation Engineer. Electrical Engineer. Work experience: 20+ years. Author of scientific publications. Participant in international thematic conferences.

LED Resistor Calculator: Series Resistor Value and Wattage Enter the supply voltage, the LED’s forward voltage and the current you want through it. The calculator gives the exact resistor value, the nearest… Calculator 1P, 1P+N, 2P, 3P and 4P Circuit Breakers: How Many Poles You Need A pole is one set of contacts inside a circuit-breaker, switching one conductor. A single-pole breaker interrupts one conductor, a double-pole breaker two, and… 5 min read SPD Installation: Connection Types, Lead Length and Back-up Protection A surge protective device is only as good as the way it is connected. The same Type 2 SPD that clamps a surge to… 6 min read Step Voltage: Definition, Calculation and Safe Limits Step voltage is the voltage between two points on the surface of the ground one metre apart. The metre is not arbitrary: it is… 5 min read Earth and Ground Symbols: Protective Earth, Chassis and Signal Ground Earth and ground symbols look alike at a glance, three short lines or a small triangle, but they mean different things on a drawing,… 3 min read Conduit Fill Calculator (NEC): THHN in EMT, PVC and RMC Pick the conduit type and trade size, enter how many THHN or THWN-2 conductors of each size you are pulling, and the calculator shows… Calculator Transformer Calculator: Full-Load Amps and Fault Current Enter the transformer rating in kVA and its primary and secondary voltages to get the full-load current on both sides. If you also enter… Calculator Shunt Trip and Undervoltage Release: Circuit-Breaker Accessories Explained A circuit-breaker on its own reacts to only two things: overload and short circuit. Everything else that should make it open, such as an… 6 min read MCB Trip Curves B, C and D: How to Read Them and Which to Use The letter in front of the rating on a miniature circuit-breaker, the B in B16 or the C in C32, tells you how much… 6 min read AFDD (Arc Fault Detection Device): How It Works and Where It Is Required An arc fault detection device (AFDD) is a protective device that watches the current waveform of a final circuit and disconnects it when it… 7 min read TN-S Earthing System: How It Works, Diagram, Pros and Cons In a TN-S earthing system the supply has one point — normally the neutral point of the transformer — connected directly to Earth, and… 7 min read Heavy Equipment Financing Solutions: How to Fund Machinery Without Draining Your Cash If you run a construction, agriculture, or transportation business, you already know the math problem at the center of it all: the machines that… 9 min read Electrical Problems That Can Damage a Residential AC Compressor The compressor is one of the most electrically and mechanically loaded components in a residential air-conditioning system. It circulates refrigerant through the cooling circuit,… 8 min read How Professional Condominium Management Services Help Communities Thrive Condominium communities work best when daily operations are organized, finances are clear, residents know where to turn for help, and the property is maintained… 10 min read Best Way to Share Google Forms: QR Codes for Faster Access Create a Google Form QR Code for free and instantly make it easier for customers, visitors, or employees to open a survey or request… 5 min read The Talent Formula Driving Today’s Most Resilient Engineering Projects Strong engineering outcomes don’t start on the job site or in the design software. They start long before that—with the people selected to build,… 5 min read Dryer Breakdown: Step-by-Step Guide from a Specialist A dryer is an essential household helper. When it breaks down, you naturally want to get it back to work as soon as possible.… 3 min read Minecraft Pocket Edition 1.17 — The Mobile Player’s Guide to Caves & Cliffs (Part I) Minecraft Pocket Edition 1.17 — The Mobile Player’s Guide to Caves & Cliffs (Part I) Version 1.17 of Minecraft Pocket Edition (Bedrock) brings the… 10 min read iOS QR Code Scanners for Engineers, Electricians, and DIYers: A Field-Ready Guide QR codes show up on panels, datasheets, tools, and packaging. On job sites and in garages, they are a quick path to wiring diagrams,… 11 min read Best Practices for High-Converting Instagram Bot Flows Instagram DMs have evolved into a high‑intent lane where discovery, questions, and purchases happen in minutes. When someone messages a brand, they are usually… 11 min read How AI-Powered Calculators Are Revolutionizing Engineering Workflows Imagine being an engineer 20 years ago: a pen, a notepad, a calculator, and a lot of patience. Fast forward to today, and the… 2 min read What Is a TN-C Earthing System? A Detailed Explanation, Disadvantages, Diagrams TN-C earthing system (or TN-C system): a distribution system in which one live part of a power source is earthed, exposed-conductive-parts of an electrical… 9 min read Continuous Current-Carrying Capacity What Is Continuous Current-Carrying? Continuous current-carrying capacity (Iz) (or current-carrying ampacity in USA) is the maximum value of electric current which can be carried… 13 min read What Is an Electrical Enclosure? Definition, Using, Requirements Electrical Enclosure Definition Electrical enclosure: an enclosure providing protection against the foreseen dangers created by electricity [this term is defined in the IEC 60050-195-2021].… 4 min read TN-C-S Earthing System: Detailed Explanation, Diagrams TN-C-S earthing system (or TN-C-S system): a distribution system in which one live part of a power source is earthed, exposed-conductive-parts of an electrical… 10 min read Convert Microcoulomb to Nanocoulomb Just enter the charge value in microcoulombs (µC) in the provided input box, click the “Calculate” button, and the equivalent charge in nanocoulombs (nC)… Calculator Units Conversion Charts The following unit conversion tables have been prepared by me after careful analysis of various regulatory documents. You can be assured that these tables… 1 min read Wire Gauge Chart This chart prescribes standard nominal diameters and cross-sectional areas of American Wire Gauge (AWG) sizes of solid round wires, used as electrical conductors. Unlike… 1 min read Electronic Filter Symbols Electronic filters is a linear two-port device designed to transmit spectral components of the input quantity according to a specified law, generally in order… 1 min read Transistor Symbols Transistor is a semiconductor device capable of providing amplification of electric power and having three or more electrodes. See also:  diode symbols ► Symbol Description… 4 min read Diode Symbols A general diode is a two terminal device which allows an electrical current to pass in one direction and to block it in the… 2 min read Resistor Symbols Resistor is a two-terminal device characterized essentially by its resistance. Note – In French, the term “résistance” also denotes the characteristic quantity of a… 3 min read Capacitor Symbols Capacitor is a two-terminal device characterized essentially by its capacitance. This article provides a detailed list of capacitor symbols. This list is based on… 3 min read Electric Relay Symbols Electric relay is a device designed to produce sudden predetermined changes in one or more electric output circuits, when certain conditions are fulfilled in… 5 min read Electrical Switch and Push Button Symbols Switch is a device designed to make or break the current in one or more electric circuits. Push-button switch is a switch having a… 7 min read Fuse, Circuit Breaker and Electrical Protection Symbols This article provides an overview of the most common symbols for fuses, circuit breakers, disconnect switches, and related protection devices in use today. Both… 3 min read Electric Generators Symbols Electric generator is an energy transducer that transforms non-electric energy (mechanical, chemical, solar, nuclear etc.) into electric energy. DC and AC generators are distinguished.… 2 min read Electric Motor Symbols Electric motor is an electric machine intended to transform electric energy into mechanical energy. This article provides my thoroughly researched overview of standardized electric… 3 min read Electrical Transformer Symbols Transformer is an electric energy converter without moving parts that changes voltages and currents associated with electric energy without change of frequency. Transformer symbols… 6 min read Symbols for Wires, Cables, Lines and Their Connections This table with symbols for wires, cables, lines and their connections was created by me after studying the relevant normative documentation – IEC and… 5 min read AC and DC Symbols (Electric Current Symbols) As an electrician, I know that clear communication is key when working with electrical schematics. The standardized symbols used to denote alternating current (AC)… 4 min read Polarity Symbols Identifying the electrical polarity of wires and connections is of great importance to any electrician. This guide gives a synopsis of the regularly used… 2 min read Physical State Symbols As an electrical engineer, I often rely on symbols to communicate important information about electrical systems and devices. In the article, we will explore… 1 min read Symbols of Adjustability and Variability Adjustability and variability are crucial when installing and maintaining electrical systems. As an electrician, having the right tools that can adapt to different situations… 2 min read Millimeters to Miles Conversion To utilize the millimeters to miles conversion calculator effectively, begin by entering the length in millimeters into the designated input field labeled “Enter length… Calculator Miles to MM Conversion To utilize the miles to millimeters conversion calculator, simply input the desired length in miles into the designated “Enter length in miles” field. After… Calculator Yards to Meters Conversion To use the yards to meters conversion calculator, first locate the input field labeled “Enter length in yards. Enter the length in yards that… Calculator Meters to Yards Conversion (M to YD) To utilize the meters to yards conversion calculator effectively, simply input the length you wish to convert in meters into the designated “Enter length… Calculator Millimeters to Meters Conversion Calculator To use the millimeters to meters conversion calculator, simply enter the length value in millimeters in the field labeled “Enter length in millimeters. Next,… Calculator Yards to Miles Converter (YD to MI) To utilize the yards (yd) to miles (mi) conversion calculator, begin by entering the length in yards into the designated input field labeled “Enter… Calculator Meters to Millimeters Conversion To use the meter to millimeter conversion calculator, first enter the length you want to convert in meters into the designated field labeled “Enter… Calculator Miles to Meters Conversion To use the miles to meters conversion calculator, enter the desired length in miles in the “Enter length in miles” field. Then, click the… Calculator Meters to Miles Conversion To use the calculator that converts meters to miles, enter the length in meters in the input field labelled “Enter length in meters.” After… Calculator Kilometers to Yards Conversion To utilize the kilometers to yards conversion calculator, simply input the desired length in kilometers into the designated “Enter length in kilometers” field. Then,… Calculator MM to KM Conversion To use the millimeters to kilometers converter effectively, enter the length in millimeters in the designated field labeled “Enter length in millimeters”. Then, press… Calculator KM to MM Conversion To effectively use the kilometers (km) to millimeters (mm) converter, first enter the desired length in kilometers into the input field labeled “Enter Length… Calculator Miles to kilometers converter To utilize this miles to kilometers conversion calculator, simply enter the desired length in miles into the designated input field labeled “Enter length in… Calculator Kilometers to Miles Conversion (KM to MI) To use the kilometers to miles converter, first enter the desired length in kilometers in the field labeled “Enter length in kilometers”. Once you’ve… Calculator Meters to Kilometers Conversion (M to KM) To utilize the meters to kilometers conversion calculator, simply input the length in meters into the designated field labeled “Enter length in meters.” Following… Calculator Kilometers to Meters Conversion (KM to M) To utilize the kilometers to meters conversion calculator, first, input the desired length in kilometers into the designated “Enter length in kilometers” field. Next,… Calculator